How Techniques of Rationalisation Aim to Increase Efficiency and Control in Organisations - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 9 Words: 2836 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Management Essay Type Narrative essay Did you like this example? Explain how techniques of rationalisation aim to increase efficiency and control in organisations. Compare and contrast the rationalisation perspective with ONE of the following topic areas. Chosen topic: Leadership, power and politics Rationalisation is important for firms which they should be highly considered about. It is a core factor that would affected the decision making of the owner in order to decide their choice of choosing strategies or methods to organise and manage the business. A rational business could be described as a business that used the less resources to gain as much advantages as they can. Additionally, the business are mainly formed by bureaucracy structure and a standardised production line. This could lead the business to achieve a high level of efficiency. Apply this terms to the junction hotel, junction hotel is not rationalisation. The case study has shown us that junction hotel has under-investment within a poor management. For e xample, restaurant of the junction hotel. They have got a team of skilled and experienced staff but the poor management and none of standardised instruction provided has lead to an erratic levels and poor consistency of standards. This evidence indicates us that junction hotel have got skilled staff as their resources within a high quality. However, they did not take the advantage of it which also mean they could not reach the highest efficiency. There are some features for rationalisation such as to elimate unnecessary equipment, personnel or process from a group of business, factory in order to make it more efficient and the organisation of a business according scientific principles of management in order to increase efficiency. In addition, rationalisation also included psychology for example behaviour about which one feels uncomfortable or guilty .organisation is consider about this is because this can affect them, for example if a business have a good management then workers in the business will work more comfortable and they know what they need to do and work more harder under this good atmosphere, this will benefit the business as the workers work more harder, thatà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s why organisations consider about it. To further know about what an rational organisation is, by looking at the old century theorists which can give us more idea about it. Taylor( 2014) An industrialist suggested five way that a manager should perform. The five functions are forecasting, organising, controlling, coordinating and commanding (KING and LAWLEY, 2013: 46). In order to describe the five function, first to have a plan and a rough estimate before start doing the project. Then shared information from each of the member to get well organised and then up a task or goal to achieve this job usually the manager in charge the whole process. Weber a sociologist which outlined a few features including the hierarchical structure. This is mean structure of management. Di fferent staff have their own role that have their own task that need to concentrated on. Ford bring out a theory that called Fordism, this is a term widely used to describe the system ofmass production in early 20th century by theFord Motor Company (2015). Ford has designed the mass production technique in order to spend less time to produce the most. Taylor (2011) suggested the scientific management could bring the maximum prosperity to employees. Taylor try to use this method to increase efficiency by using the machinery to get the job done as quickly as possible. Rational organisation can help to increase efficiency by clearly define the role of each member in the company, also purchase stable quality to the customers. As they are clearly define costs for the firm can be reduce so the firm can use minimum resources to achieve the maximum efficiency, also increase the productivity, these clearly show that firm can make a high amount of profit without a huge loss and more likely to break even. For example if the business owner can clearly define what he hopes to accomplish with a certain course of action, what the alternative choices are, and what the likely outcomes are, he can probably ignore workplace politics and simply rely on the formal structure of the company to carry out her orders. looking at the case study junction hotel seen to have a lot of trouble under-investment and a very poor managing system inside the business, if one of the department doesnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t do well it will influence to the other department this will create a bad atmosphere inside the company and also keep getting far away from the aim of rationalisation . For example inside the restaurant they have some good chief which is well trained and can cook delicious food to serf the customer , but as the bad communication within the staff and apartment they seen to make a lot of mistake and argue at different things which make it even worse and doesnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t hel p to fix the problem at all. They had quality chef but they didnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t have a good managing system which they waste the chance to perform even better. There are a few ways that they could do to get rid of this situation and improve their quality of service and performance. The first important things they need is employed a good manager with good leadership skills or good communication skills that can lead the staff to a right tract so that they can do their job in the right direction, setting up tasks and clearly given out order can help to the quality of the food and the time food takes to the customer can be reduce. Also as a leader of the department to communicate with other department to share information from each other to help improve and clearly receive the order with each order, one of the example is office keep changing the menu but didnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t tell anything to the chief and the chief is really unhappy as the people in the office didnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã ¢â€ž ¢t communicate with them well enough so that increase their work load, it make them more difficult to finish off their job also influence the quality of the food and cost of time. These can be done either employed a new head chief or to train on their communication skills. Although the organisation need to put some money on training staff and good communication with the staff , the more action they put in they more benefit they will get back on return, so do more and gain more. McDonaldizationis the term invented byGeorge Ritzerto describe a sociological phenomenom that is happening in our society (Rogue Valley Group, 2000-2009). This company work in a rational way and have a high performance. Mcdonaldsation suggests that the rational production can be seen in the fast food restaurant. McDonald is a well-managed organisation which is rational and hierarchy structure. All the task have already break down into different part for different staff to work on to match their role. For example a staff work in the cash machine and take order from customer , a staff working on food and drinks when they see the order they will take what on the screen to the desk ,chief will keep cooking and fill out what empty which they are well organised and knowing what they have to work on . As all the staff are doing their own job the quality of the food and drink will make no big difference between each other and the time taken will stay the same ,as the performance go well less error will make. This system help the company train new staff more quickly, as they are a fast food restaurant it will be high turnover for their company as most people come to get a part time job so using this method reduce the time of training unskilled staff also reduce the cost and easily replace. This is one of the successful company which have chosen a right method to lead there business become success. Travelodge is a private company operating in the hotels and hospitality industry through out theUnited Kingdom. Branded simply asTravelodge, Same as the McDonald they break down the tasks in a very easy way for the employees, different form other hotels they only do online booking and when customer come they just to show their id for check in their room and the staff just given out the key to them ,for checking out is the same process give them they key and thatà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s check out completed , in these progress there arenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t much to do for the staff as the company have set up everythingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s for them in a easy way to work on compare to the other hotel they are doing a very easily job , it is quite similar with the McDonald as if an unskilled employees come to work, it take very short time to help he/she to have the knowledge how to work here and as the work break down in this very easily way so the quality of the service can stay the same for sure as the job they are doing is well organised. This is the similar methods between two different type of company and the method lead them to success. Although rationalisation is very important to the business but there are some important things that can also influence the business. For instance, company can think of leadership,power,politics these three topic also appear to the organisation. Leader ship is one of the most important things that a manager or group leader should have to well organise and control the staff which work under them, given out right order to different staff cause every decision the manager made can affect the company, different staff have different strengths and weakness so the manager must look very carefully what he/she can do and canà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t do , in other way to give them a right order to complete and perform much better within their skills. Also a good leader must have look after the staff well as to see what they need and what problem they are having while during the work, as if he pay attention on them they will be more lik ely to follow your lead and complete the task in a much higher performance. A good leader will also need power to in case some not behaviour staff, cause not all of the staff will listen to the order some this is time to show that you got the power to control them to work and punish them if they didnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t work on their job probably. Refer to (Mr P Tailor and Mrs S. Tailor) An essential part of leadership or management is to influence the people you manage so that they do what you want them to do. So if a leader is too soft then he/she will be very difficult to lead a team that is lazy and uncontrollable, sometimes becoming an arrgasive leader can do the job easily and better as people will listen to your lead as they afraid of your power and you have the right to control them. Politics is some kind of rule that set up by the workers or manager to follow, different office have different politics for example if you are new to the an organisation you will need to make som e new friends or build some alliances in case that you have something didnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t understand that someone will have your back and help you with it, sometimes if you have a boss which is very lazy you will need to put extra hard work yourself to finish off the work. In junction hotel they have a good team of cleaner and they are all skilled, but when they start working they arenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t doing as a group is just like an individual task work as they received the message from the boss and they just follow the lead at what people told them to do so there arenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t any communication inside the group refer to paragraph on top the office politics is the rule you follow to make you survive in the company, one of the rule is to build up alliance in the other hand is to make friends so that when the work start they can communicate which person working which part and share the information all around this cost less error as well ,also this gave you power i f the boss doesnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t do something right for example cut down the salaries that at list you can have your teammate to support you and complain about it so you can get the strength to fight back. Back to the case study as the cleaners didnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t have a good leader leading them so quality of the job will be poorer as they have to follow instruction to do what they need and the manager doesnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t communicate with them very well. These will be a big trouble if things still stay the same. Refer to junction hotel (KING and LAWLEY, 2013,162-163) Linda Wilson meets graham Effingham for a meeting. There are some problem with the kitchen so Linda have a chat with graham to ask for future information to see whatà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s going on at the moment. Graham is doing his job well as he won awards for what he cook to the customer, however food is not getting out quick enough and wrong order . But graham think he did the job all right so he didnà ¢ â‚ ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t talking to Linda politely. This action cause too problem first graham didnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t respect to Linda in a polite way and try to argue with her, other things is he canà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t give an order and control his staff probably, he is more likely to do his job rather than do what a leader should do to take the lead and solve out the problem they have, so that why he is not a leader material. Linda have a problem with that she is too soft and people donà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t listen to her as she is not strong enough to control the staff, she should be more arrgasive, but one thing she did good is she try to communicate when there is a problem having with the kitchen. If an organisation would like to cut costs, they usually will cut down the wages of the employees but this action will cost a lot of trouble that not appear so soon but harmful to the business. Pay them less, and theyll reciprocate with less work (Ray Fisman) it old us that when people get lo w pay they will unlikely to work harder as they didnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t feel happy about the money they get, the more and the less they do will get the same amount of payment so they will rather work less and not do work any harder, this can cost a lot of trouble with the business, first less performance low quality of product and service, high turnover staff will rather work in a different company that will pay them more money, bad quality lead to the customer complain about it and lose some new and old customer. This evidence told us that before doing a decision you must think about the cost and benefit do see if it is worth doing it before take action, the best way is to have discussion with the employees and try to know about their feeling and explain why the firm need to make this decision to let them know whats going on. In conclusion, the concept of rationalisation could turn the junction hotel in a positive way which can help the company to cut cost, also increase the eff iciency and also help to increase the profit that they could make. This could help the business perform very well and good reputation. Moreover, the hotel could gain a growth of size in the market which would increase their competitive advantage. Nevertheless, rationalisation may have affected the business into a negative way as cut cost may impacted the staffs to be unsatisfied. So, the manager should communicate with workers and understand their thought and feels so that everyone to use their potential to work harder as they could to help junction hotel to become success and gain the most advantages with the competitors. Also managers in the junctions need train on their leading skills to get more power and more comfort on leading people as under the poor leading skills that seem to be a lot of trouble having around the restaurant and other department. Reference Vincent van Vliet-( 2014)https://www.toolshero.com/five-functions-of-management, Bob Jessop(2015)https://www.br itannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1920809/Fordism King and Lawley(2013),organizational behaviour, oxford university press,oxford,(chapter 2,45-46),(chapter 6,162-163) TAYLOR, F.W. (2011) Principles of Scientific Management Harper: New York. Rogue Valley Group https://www.mcdonaldization.com/whatisit.shtml Mr P Tailor and Mrs S. Tailor https://www.learnmanagement2.com/leadership%20power.htm Ray Fisman https://www.slate.com/articles/business/the_dismal_science/2011/03/raises_dont_make_employees_work_harder.html FMO Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "How Techniques of Rationalisation Aim to Increase Efficiency and Control in Organisations" essay for you Create order

The Pursuit of a Dream in A Raisin in the Sun, The...

Selfish Dream Everyone has their dreams and whoever puts all his or her efforts and determination to pursuit that goal is the one who will succeed. However, there are dreamers who have misconceptions about the art of dreaming. In three pieces of literature I have encountered: â€Å"The Achievement of Desire† by Richard Rodriguez, â€Å"A Raisin in the Sun† by Lorraine Hansberry and â€Å"Fences† by August Wilson, its characters fight for their dreams regardless obstacles in their life. Nevertheless, when many people aim on achieving their goals, they expose their sense of self-absorbance. Dreaming and aspiration are human senses but when one considers his or her dream more important than others, dreaming becomes another aspect of selfishness. To†¦show more content†¦On the other hand, the character in Richard Rodriquez’s story also suffers a lack of confidence and dissociation due to the wall he creates around himself. Blindingly pursuit his ideal life, most importantly, the man has lost his social skills which he assumes himself a â€Å"bad boy†. Even though the â€Å"scholarship boy† has enough intellectual knowledge to be aware of his temporary problems, he doesn’t make any changes. His selfishness dynamically expresses later on in adulthood, he tends to separates himself from his parents. It can be concluded that all of his success is come from the help and scarification of his parent. He would respect and appreciate them. However, he develops a sense of disrespect and ungrateful to his parents. The man obviously does nothing to compensate for his parent scarification â€Å"Your parent must be really proud of you.† The man then tries to balances â€Å"home† and  "school things. The man is an outstanding student but in human sense, he fails to be an educated person. He once admits: â€Å"He can not afford to admit his parents (How could he still and pursuit such a contrary life?). He permits himself embarrassment at their lack of education. He may think that now with an excellent education, he is a in a higher level than others. Totally get rejection from the society and suffering a state of loneliness is a pricy cost for success that Richard Rodriquez’s character decides to take. PeopleShow MoreRelatedEssay on Reaching for a Dream in Literature1381 Words   |  6 PagesSelfish Dream Everyone has their dreams and whoever puts all his or her efforts and determination in pursuing that goal is the one who will succeed. However, there are dreamers who have misconceptions about the art of dreaming. In three pieces of literature I have encountered: â€Å"The Achievement of Desire† by Richard Rodriguez, â€Å"A Raisin in the Sun† by Lorraine Hansberry and â€Å"Fences† by August Wilson, its characters fight for their dreams regardless obstacles in their life. Nevertheless, they exposeRead MoreFrench Terms for Ib Sl French B8316 Words   |  34 PagesFrench Vocabulary List General 2 3 5 12 12 21 28 28 31 36 36 37 40 40 42 48 48 51 Topic Area 1 Home and local area Life in the home; friends and relationships Local area, facilities and getting around Topic Area 2 Health and sport Sport, outdoor pursuits and healthy lifestyle Food and drink as aspects of culture and health Topic Area 3 Leisure and entertainment (includes online) Socialising, special occasions and festivals TV, films and music Topic Area 4 Travel and the wider world Holidays andRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 Pagesdimensions have been found to be very helpful in assisting people to understand key differences in others. They are: universalism versus particularism, individualism versus communitarianism, specificity versus diffuseness, neutral versus affective, achievement versus ascription oriented, internal versus external, and past versus present versus future time emphasis. These dimensions will help you to remain sensitive to the personal variations that may require alternation of some of the ways in which youRead MoreBrand Building Blocks96400 Words   |  386 Pagescontinue buying the brand in spite of being dissatisfied. These five levels do, however, provide a feeling for the variety of forms that loyalty can take and how it impacts upon brand equity. Enhancing Loyalty One approach to enhancing the loyalty of fence sitters and the committed is to develop or strengthen their relationship with the brand. Brand awareness, perceived quality, and an effective, clear brand identity can contribute to this goal. Increasingly, however, programs that can build loyalty

Kosovo Essay Example For Students

Kosovo Essay Mi deseo es que las Naciones Unidas, impulsadas tras la posguerra, tengan xito y prosperen. Y mi esperanza es que la Declaracin de los Derechos Humanos, cuyo aniversario celebramos, no se limite al deseo de dnde la humanidad debiera llegar, sino que gradualmente se convierta en una realidad en todas las naciones. El conflicto de Kosovo puede encontrar sus races a mediados del siglo XIV, cuando el Imperio Otomano inici la conquista de los Balcanes, y en 1389 venci a las fuerzas serbias en la batalla de Kosovo. Se inici entonces un perodo de dominacin otomana, de 489 aos de duracin. En los siglos XIV y XV se produjeron las primeras emigraciones de Serbia y Bosnia hacia las regiones eslavas vecinas, hasta Rusia. Toda Macedonia entr en el Imperio Otomano en 1395. Entre los siglos XVI y XVIII, los territorios de Yugoslavia se repartieron entre el Imperio Otomano (Serbia, Bosnia, Herzegovina, Montenegro y Macedonia), los Habsburgo (Croacia, Eslovenia, Eslavonia, parte de Dalmacia y Voivodina) y la Repblica Veneciana (Istria y Dalmacia). Despus que fuera aplastada la insurreccin de 1690 en la vieja Serbia, unas 70 mil personas se refugiaron en territorios de los Habsburgo. El Imperio Otomano traslad a musulmanes albaneses a los territorios abandonados (Kosovo y Metohija). A principios del siglo XX c ontinuaron los conflictos: la resistencia serbia al Imperio austro hngaro provoc el asesinato del archiduque Francisco Fernando de Austria, hecho que marc el inicio de la Primera Guerra Mundial. Al final de la conflagracin que determin la cada del imperio austro hngaro, se fund el reino de los serbios, croatas y eslovenos, que comprenda a Serbia, Montenegro, Eslovenia, Croacia, Eslavonia, Bosnia y Herzegovina. En 1929, el reino se unifica bajo el nombre de Yugoslavia (tierra de los eslavos del sur), cuyo gobierno, controlado por los serbios, se convirti en una dictadura. La poltica nacionalista del rgimen gener un fuerte movimiento antiserbio entre croatas y otras minoras tnicas, que condujo al asesinato del rey Karagueorgevitch, en Marsella, en 1934. En este perodo los albaneses pierden todos los derechos colectivos y son severamente reprimidos por los serbios. En el transcurso de la Segunda Guerra Mundial, Kosovo es incorporada a Albania que se transforma en una provincia italiana. Los serbios sufren una masacre por parte de los albaneses que a su vez son masacrados por los partisanos comunistas. Finalmente, en 1945, la monarqua es abolida, y Yugoslavia se proclama una repblica popular federal, integrada por seis repblicas (Eslovenia y Croacia al noroeste; Serbia, al este; Bosnia Herzegovina y Montenegro al centro; Macedonia al sur), dos provincias autnomas (Voivodina y Kosovo, en el noreste y el sudoeste de Serbia, respectivamente). El lder de la repblica, Josip Broz, ms conocido como Tito, mantuvo una fuerte represin policial contra la poblacin, consciente de las tensiones intertnicas y del fuerte declive socioeconmico entre el norte industrializado y el sur subdesarrollado dentro de la vieja Yugoslavia.Hacia la dcada de los aos 70, Kosovo reclama el estatuto de repblica, pero el nico beneficio que obtiene es una extensin de su autonoma . Como consecuencia, los conflictos tnicos se agudizan, y cobra fuerza el movimiento separatista albans en la provincia. Una dcada ms tarde estallaron nuevamente los disturbios. El gobierno federal acus a fuerzas nacionalistas y separatistas extremistas, instigadas desde el extranjero, de buscar la secesin de Kosovo de Serbia y de Yugoslavia. Un gran nmero de habitantes serbios y montenegrinos abandonaron la regin. La represin de las rebeliones en Kosovo produjo muertos y heridos, mutuas reclamaciones diplomticas de Belgrado y Tirana, as como la renuncia, en marzo de 1990, del jefe de gobierno de Kosovo, Jusuf Zejnullahu. Hubo a su vez tensiones en otras repblicas, debido al crecimiento de grupos activistas musulmanes y catlicos. En medio de las presiones sociales derivadas de la situacin econmica y de la disolucin estatal, se enfrentaron dos concepciones: por un lado, la de una descentralizacin que evitara a las regiones ms ricas tener que financiar el desarrollo de las ms pobres, defendida por el comunista renovador Milan Kucan, presidente de Eslovenia; y por otro lado, la de reforzar el poder central y profundizar la solidaridad en el interior de la federacin, que propugnaba el presidente serbio y lder del Partido Socialista de Serbia (ex Liga Comunista de Serbia), Slobodan Milosevic. En el territorio que aun se defina como Yugoslavia, durante 1992, el presidente serbio, Milosevic, fortaleci su posicin, al pasar a retiro a 70 generales y almirantes de las fuerzas armadas federales no incondicionales a su liderazgo. Logr adems, la adhesin de Montenegro a su plan de establecer una Yugoslavia unificada con centro en Belgrado, a travs de un plebiscito en esta repblica, que fue boicoteado por la oposicin. La intransigencia del gobierno serbio se manifest en Kosovo, donde cualquier intento de independencia fue reprimido en el marco de una poltica de aniquilacin cultural. Serbia no reconoce el parlamento y el gobierno de la provincia, en funciones desde el 24 de mayo de 1992. Durante 1993 la polica serbia disolvi violentamente una reunin en memoria de albaneses muertos, arrest varios lderes partidarios y cerr la Academia de Ciencias de Kosovo. El presidente yugoslavo jug un importante papel en el proceso de paz de Bosnia Herzegovina en 1995. El distanciamiento poltico entre Yugoslavia y los lderes serbo bosnios Radovan Karadzic y Ratko Mladic difera con la actitud adoptada en el plano militar. La sangrienta conquista de Srebrenica y Zepa, en julio, por parte de los serbo bosnios, contribuy a la marginacin practicada por Milosevic de la oposicin. Belgrado no dej de abastecer de armamento y efectivos a la Repblica serbia de Krajina, en Croacia, durante la primera mitad del ao. Pero Yugoslavia no intervino cuando los croatas invadieron los territorios de Krajina, en agosto. Algunos refugiados serbios fueron autorizados a ingresar a Yugoslavia y alojados en la provincia de Kosovo, con poblacin mayoritariamente albanesa, o en las casas de hngaros y croatas que haban sido expulsados de Vojvodina. Como consecuencia de este hecho, en 1996 entr en accin por primera vez el Ejrcito de Liberacin de Kosovo (Ushtria Clirimtare E Kosoves), el cual asumi responsabilidades por una serie de actos de sabotaje cometidos contra las estaciones de polica y sus integrantes.Durante 1998, el conflicto declarado entre la fuerza militar y policial serbia y la fuerza albano kosovar, result en la muerte de ms de 1500 albaneses, y forz a ms de 400.000 personas a abandonar sus hogares. La comunidad internacional tom plena conciencia del agravamiento del conflicto, las consecuencias humanitarias y el peligro de su expansin a otras regiones. Diferencias fundamentales entre serbios y albanesesLo nico que comparten los serbios y los albaneses que viven en Kosovo es la pequea porcin de tierra que ocupan. Hablan lenguas diferentes, tienen distintas creencias religiosas y difieren en sus versiones de la historia. Los kosovares de origen albans hablan una lengua indoeuropea tan antigua como el latn, y tan dif erente en vocabulario y gramtica del serbio como pueden serlo el italiano del ruso. Los serbios hablan una lengua eslava que se parece al blgaro y al ruso. La mayora de los albano kosovares son musulmanes, descendientes de catlicos romanos y cristianos ortodoxos que se convirtieron al Islam durante los 500 aos de gobierno de los turcos otomanos. Los serbios son ortodoxos acrrimos, y siguen tradiciones cristianas semejantes a las de los rusos, griegos y blgaros. La mayora de los kosovares de origen albans, de religin musulmana, creen que son descendientes de los ilirios, una tribu de los Balcanes que habit la regin en la antigedad. Los serbios consideran a Kosovo como la cuna de su civilizacin. Una vez sede de la iglesia ortodoxa serbia, la provincia sigue albergando numerosos monasterios ortodoxos. La derrota del ejrcito serbio en Kosovo a manos de los turcos en 1389 forma parte de la historia de este pueblo. Los serbios recuperaron Kosovo en 1912 durante la Primera Guerra Balcnica, cuando Serbia, Montenegro, Grecia y Bulgaria derrotaron a los turcos otomanos y pusieron fin a ms de 500 aos de dominacin turca. Antes de que comenzaran los ataques areos de la OTAN, los kosovares de origen albans constituan aproximadamente el 90 por ciento de los 2 millones de habitantes que pueblan esta provincia de Serbia. Antes de la Segunda Guerra Mundial, los serbios eran aproximadamente la mitad de la poblacin de Kosovo. Pero el alto ndice de natalidad entre los albaneses y el continuo xodo de serbios procedentes de la provincia rural, hacia zonas de Serbia ms urbanas y prsperas caus la disminucin del nmero de este grupo. En 1974, el lder yugoslavo Josip Broz concedi a Kosovo la autonoma y su propio voto en el Consejo federal yugoslavo, que slo la diferenciaba de una repblica en el nombre. Aos ms tarde, el entonces presidente de Serbia, Slobodan Milosevic, revoc esta situacin de autonoma en Kosovo e instituy un gobierno militar. La sana poltica ensea que vale ms ganar a los hombres con la buena fe, que dominarlos con las armas. Si bien las razones principales del conflicto en Kosovo datan de tiempo atrs, la emergencia del Ejrcito de Liberacin de Kosovo, en 1996, se convirti en el factor determinante que desemboc en la guerra. Un ao ms tarde, el ejrcito albans tom un rol ms activo frente la continua opresin que reciban de parte de los serbios. Dicho rol se vio manifestado a travs de la matanza de poblacin serbia, dentro de la cual, los policas fueron los ms golpeados. Eventualmente, el ELK pudo establecer cierto control sobre determinadas reas de la provincia de Kosovo, pero, en 1998, el presidente yugoslavo Milosevic envi tropas serbias que reconquistaron dichas reas. La violencia auspiciada por el gobierno yugoslavo, en contra de la poblacin albanesa, se constituy en el desencadenante de la ira de los kosovares, marcando as un punto clave en el agravamiento del conflicto. Es en este momento en que entra en juego la OTAN, la que, hasta la fecha, jams h aba intervenido en un conflicto entre un Estado soberano y sus ciudadanos. La Organizacin justific su actuacin, en la medida en que sostena que su responsabilidad era la de proteger a los seres humanos de los crmenes contra la humanidad. A principios de 1999 comenzaron en Rambouillet las negociaciones de paz entre kosovares de origen albans y serbios, quienes se negaron a considerar el despliegue de una fuerza de paz dirigida por la OTAN en Kosovo. El diplomtico norteamericano Holbrooke intent llegar a un acuerdo de paz de ltima hora, pero el parlamento serbio rechaz las exigencias occidentales. Como consecuencia inmediata, el Secretario General de la OTAN, Javier Solana, autoriz a los comandantes militares a lanzar ataques areos. El 24 de marzo la OTAN comienza su campaa de ataques areos en Yugoslavia, con la intencin de destruir la maquinaria de guerra serbia, y forzar el cumplimiento del acuerdo internacional de paz, elaborado en Rambouillet, Francia. El primer contingente de ref ugiados llega a Albania a fines de mes. Posterior a ello, la OTAN comienza la segunda fase de su campaa, apuntando directamente a las fuerzas armadas de Yugoslavia, respaldada por lderes de occidente que acusan al presidente yugoslavo de practicar genocidio. Si bien por un lado las fuerzas aliadas ponen en marcha una operacin de aire y tierra para proveer de comida, medicinas y tiendas de campaa, a Albania y Macedonia, accidentalmente bombardean dos caravanas de refugiados, que estaban siendo escoltados a la frontera por policas serbios. En este momento el xodo de los kosovares se intensifica, debido principalmente a que segn las Naciones Unidas las tropas serbias cometen una de las peores masacres de civiles conocidas hasta la fecha. A semejanza de la estrategia utilizada por los nazis en la Segunda Guerra Mundial, las tropas serbias separaron en el pueblo de Meja a los hombres de 18 a 65 aos de sus familias, para luego asesinarlos. A este respecto, el secretario general de las Naciones Unidas, Kofi Annan, advirti que el genocidio contra los kosovares de origen albans, no quedara impune. A principios del mes el primer grupo de refugiados tnicamente albaneses llega a los Estados Unidos. Antes y durante el transcurso de los ataques areos, cientos de miles de kosovares abandonaron sus hogares; unos forzados por tropas serbias, y otros por temor. El resultado fue una crisis masiva de refugiados que afect principalmente a los pases vecinos, Albania y Macedonia. Sin embargo, la misma se vio mitigada cuando varios pases oc cidentales ofrecieron refugio a unos 860.000 albaneses, que haban dejado Kosovo hasta ese momento.En lo que respecta a los ataques areos llevados adelante por la OTAN, los mismos continuaron, e incluso, se intensificaron. Sin embargo, a pesar de la alta tecnologa utilizada provista en su gran mayora por Estados Unidos se sucedieron numerosos errores contra objetivos no deseados. Entre los mismos podemos destacar: el bombardeo a la embajada china en Belgrado, debido a que los mapas en poder de la OTAN no estaban actualizados; la muerte de ms de 80 albaneses, cuando la Organizacin pens que estaba bombardeando un puesto militar serbio; y finalmente, la destruccin de equipo blico perteneciente al ELK. Rusia por su parte, si bien sostiene su postura de no participar directamente en el conflicto, advierte a la OTAN del riesgo de una nueva guerra europea, o incluso mundial, si los aliados intentan apoderarse de Yugoslavia y convertirlo en su protectorado. El 27 de mayo, el Tribunal Internacional para crmenes de Guerra de las Naciones Unidas, acus formalmente a Milosevic y otros cuatro oficiales yugoslavos por crmenes contra la humanidad. Fueron acusados por su participacin en la deportacin de 740.000 albaneses tnicos de Kosovo, as como de la muerte de ms de 340 personas identificadas. La OTAN, a este respecto, teme que la denuncia pueda complicar el proceso de negociacin para llegar a un plan de paz. Milosevic y el parlamento serbio aceptan la propuesta de paz presentada por los representantes de Rusia, la Unin Europea y los Estados Unidos. Das despus de la misma, el 9 de junio, Yugoslavia y las naciones occidentales firman un tratado formal por el cual se establece el retiro de las tropas serbias de Kosovo, y la consecuente finalizacin de la campaa area de la OTAN.Se establece tambin una fuerza internacional para el mantenimiento de la paz, encabezada por la OTAN, cuyo objetivo es el de monitorear el regreso de los refugiados a la provincia. El Consejo de Seguridad de las Naciones Unidas aprueba entonces una resolucin, por la cual autoriza el plan de paz en Kosovo, por una votacin de 14 votos a favor y 0 en contra, en la que China es la nica abstencin. Cabe destacar que el rol de Rusia en la negociacin contina siendo ambiguo. Punto de vista de la OTAN y Estados UnidosCon respecto a la visin que la OTAN y los Estados Unidos tienen acerca de la contienda en Kosovo, procuraremos desarrollarla en conjunto, ya que consideramos que la nacin norteamericana cumple un fuerte liderazgo dentro de la Organizacin. De acuerdo a la OTAN, el gobernante yugoslavo Milosevic est claramente realizando una limpieza tnica, bajo la excusa de que la poblacin albanesa kosovar atenta contra la idea de una Yugoslavia unida. Bajo esta perspectiva, cuando el lder comenz esta grotesca campaa de expulsin permanente, se perfilaban claramente tres escenarios:a)la expulsin permanente de todos los albaneses de Kosovo y la erradicacin del Ejrcito de Liberacin de Kosovo, conjuntamente con la insercin del control serbio sobre la provincia. b)la posibilidad de que la OTAN tomara control sobre la provincia de Kosovo, sin derrocar el gobierno de Belgrado. c)la probabilidad de que la OTAN atacara la repblica por el norte, y lo expulsara, estableciendo un gobierno transitorio bajo la supervisin internacional, dando lugar entonces a elecciones democrticas. Estados Unidos plantea que, si bien Milosevic no esperaba un enfrentamiento armado con las tropas de la OTAN, estaba preparado para esa eventualidad. El comienzo de la campaa area contra Milosevic, el 24 de marzo de 1999, le otorg a ste el pretexto para desatar su propia guerra contra la provincia separatista. The Bay Of Pigs Invasion EssayLa OTAN se ampara en el acuerdo de Dayton de noviembre de 1995 en el que Belgrado se compromete tanto a respetar los derechos humanos, como a aceptar monitores internacionales y una fuerza de Implementacin (IFOR) de la OTAN, al servicio de la ONU. Aqu se le da la autoridad al Consejo de Seguridad para implementar dicho acuerdo de paz. A pesar de esto la intervencin de la OTAN constituye una violacin al Derecho Internacional Pblico y al balance de poderes que la Carta de las Naciones Unidas pretende establecer. Ello queda esclarecido en el Artculo 24.1 de la Carta: los miembros de las Naciones Unidas le confieren al Consejo de Seguridad la responsabilidad primaria para el mantenimiento de la paz y seguridad internacional. Aqu se le transfiere decidir al Consejo de Seguridad los elementos que requieren la paz y seguridad internacional, obteniendo as poder de decisin suprema en cuanto a eso se trata. En este caso, se ha contradecido el espritu de la Carta y las resoluciones del Consejo. Pero no solamente la OTAN viola la Carta de las Naciones Unidas sino que viola el Tratado del Atlntico Norte en su Artculo 3 donde se evoca a la capacidad colectiva de resistir un ataque armado, y el Artculo 5 donde se afirma su capacidad de defensiva colectiva. Se ampara en el Artculo 51 de la Carta donde se reconoce el derecho a repeler cualquier agresin y a la autodefensa. Como ejemplo de ello, podemos destacar que Yugoslavia no ha atacado a ningn miembro de la OTAN ni a ningn otro Estado en la regin. Todo el conflicto ocurre dentro de la territorialidad de su propio Estado por lo que el nico organismo a nivel global que tiene la responsabilidad de velar por el mantenimiento de la paz y la seguridad internacional es el Consejo de Seguridad. La intervencin de la OTAN constituye un mal precedente para el Derecho Internacional Pblico y para la paz y estabilidad global, debido a que se est obviando el proceso establecido y la autoridad del Consejo de Seguridad. Dicha autoridad le permite actuar en situaciones que ameriten la intervencin de alguna fuerza internacional para imponer el orden en situaciones conflictivas. La razn por la que la OTAN obvi el procedimiento establecido es porque saba que no iba a contar el respaldo de dos de sus miembros permanentes: la Federacin Rusa y la Repblica Popular China. Los mismos no iban a permitir una intervencin de la OTAN en medio de la frontera entre Occidente y Oriente. Hay quienes consideran que la intervencin de la OTAN es debida a intereses especficos, y que no es movida por la caridad y las buenas intenciones de sus miembros. En esta intervencin la causa real es la del dominio poltico y de extensin de influencias en el plano global. Sostienen por otra parte que la OTAN, la UE y sobre todo EE.UU. quieren acabar con cualquier vestigio de Rusia en el mundo para consolidar un bloque unipolar hegemnico: el bloque Occidental. Luego de la intervencin realizada por fuerzas internacionales, al da de hoy el conflicto de Kosovo parece haber encontrado una solucin momentnea. El mayor problema con el que se debe lidiar actualmente, es el de la situacin de los refugiados albano kosovares al regresar a sus hogares. Principalmente, considerando la fragilidad de sus relaciones con los serbios, la vuelta a casa podra estar seguida por el estallido de una guerra civil. Para evitar posteriores conflictos, existen al menos tericamente una serie de opciones para llegar a una solucin permanente y as prevenir una catstrofe como la sucedida:Mejoramiento de la situacin de los Derechos HumanosStatus equitativo dentro de la Federacin YugoslavaEl Status Quo es claramente inestable y no puede perdurar en el corto plazo. Dada la ausencia de adelantos reales hacia un acuerdo para la crisis de Kosovo, es muy importante apoyar a los lderes de la provincia que estn a favor de una resistencia pacfica ms activa, o de lo contrario, la violencia contra las fuerzas de seguridad serbias aumentar. En el largo plazo, el Status Quo puede ser demasiado costoso para el gobierno serbio, ya sea por razones polticas o econmicas. El peso financiero de mantener miles de fuerzas activas y reservas en Kosovo es enorme; adems, las sanciones impuestas desde el exterior son destructivas para la economa serbia. A ello se le suma que la minora serbia en Kosovo puede culpar al liderazgo serbio como el causante de la situacin insegura y hostil en la que estn viviendo. Mejoramiento de la situacin de los Derechos HumanosLa solucin menos costosa para las autoridades serbias puede ser la de mantener el arreglo poltico vigente entre Serbia y Kosovo, pero con mejoras en las condiciones de los Derechos Humanos. Tal solucin debera incluir principalmente las siguientes medidas: la finalizacin de la represin policaca, dejar en libertad a los prisioneros polticos, reemplear a los albaneses kosovares con puestos pblicos, reintegrar los sistemas de salud y educacin de Kosovo, y permitir el ingreso a agencias de monitoreo internacional, ONGs y los medios para operar dentro de Kosovo. Mientras que en el presente esta opcin es refutada por el gobierno serbio, existen otros partidos polticos que s la aceptaran. La Alianza Cvica de Serbia, liderada por Vesna Pesic, ha indicado que est a favor de la existencia de la actual estructura federal de Yugoslavia, que implica la igualdad de sus unidades federales, Serbia y Montenegro, y la de sus habitantes. Aunque se sientan que son serbios, montenegrinos, o que pertenecen a otros grupos tnicos nacionales. Dentro de este marco, la ACS otorgara la autonoma regional, as como la igualdad de derechos para todos los ciudadanos. Aunque esta opcin reduce los riesgos de violencia, en efecto no llevara a ms de una serie de medidas para aumentar la confianza de parte de Serbia, no siendo un fin a largo plazo para la cuestin de Kosovo en lo que respecta a su status constitucional. Reconociendo este dilema, algunos albano kosovares han indicado que, si bien el mejoramiento de la situacin de los Derechos Humanos no definira el status constitucional de la provincia, podra contribuir como plataforma inicial para un dilogo ms abierto entre serbios y albaneses. Existe una variedad de posibles soluciones que giran en torno a la constitucin yugoslava de 1974, que garantizaban a las provincias autnomas de Kosovo y Vojvodina un status similar al de las repblicas de la antigua Yugoslavia. Bajo esta constitucin, Kosovo y Vojvodina recibieron el derecho a establecer su propia constitucin, Poder Legislativo, y autonoma financiera. A los cuerpos ejecutivo, legislativo y judicial, se les proporcion a su vez el mismo status que a las otras repblicas. Las provincias autnomas estaban directamente representadas en el Parlamento federal, Corte constitucional y Presidencia. Cualquier alteracin en lo que respecta a las fronteras o territorios de estas provincias, requera el consentimiento de sus representantes.La mayora de los albaneses kosovares creen que el nivel de autonoma previo, aunque ya no suficiente para una solucin permanente, debera ser restaurado y constituir el punto de partida para las negociaciones hacia un nuevo acuerdo. Status equitativo dentro de la Federacin YugoslavaUn paso mucho ms audaz sera el de proveer a Kosovo, y tal vez a Vojvodina, con un status dentro de Yugoslavia igual al de Montenegro y Serbia. Esta opcin que mantiene las fronteras externas de Yugoslavia intactas, parecera ser la solucin ms equitativa y menos irreal. Entre los temas importantes que deberan ser agendados, resulta relevante considerar cual sera la situacin de la minora serbia en Kosovo, si a la provincia se le brindara el derecho a la secesin. A pesar del pedido objetivo para la creacin de una nueva Federacin Yugoslava, Serbia estara extremadamente reticente a abandonar su superioridad federal salvo que se lleve a cabo una intervencin por parte de la comunidad internacional. La resistencia de Montenegro podra esperarse, ya que esta provincia tambin puede mostrarse reticente a compartir el poder con una unidad federal donde intervengan albaneses. Los albano kosovares por su parte, estn preocupados porque, aunque siendo u na repblica yugoslava, podran estar dominados por una mayora serbia. Concretamente, los albano kosovares parecen preferir la abolicin de cualquier vestigio del viejo sistema federal yugoslavo, basando los nuevos arreglos de acuerdo a la nueva realidad poltica. Esta opcin garantizara a Kosovo la independencia a cambio de que la provincia reorganice sus fronteras. Serbia, mantendra el control sobre las reas habitadas por serbios en el norte de Kosovo, y sobre los sitios de ms importancia histrica y/o religiosa. Los albano kosovares por lo tanto, no estarn a favor de ceder la parte del territorio con mayor riqueza y seguramente lucharn contra la particin. Sumado a ello podra darse la situacin inversa, en la que los albaneses podran exigirle a Serbia la particin de todas las provincias limtrofes con Kosovo, que cuenten con una mayora albanesa viviendo en sus fronteras. Una dificultad adicional sera la definicin de trminos bajo los cuales se estableceran las nuevas fronteras. La eleccin de un estndar tnico, religioso, geogrfico o histrico, seguro causar desacuerdos ms profundos. Con el precedente del establecimiento de fronteras definidas a partir de las etnias el caso de Bosnia la comunidad internacional ha decidido no llevar adelante la misma decisin. sta es la propuesta ms representativa del pueblo albans: la independencia para la Repblica de Kosova. Algunos albano kosovares han propuesto que una vez que Kosovo tenga el status de independiente, debera unirse con Albania. El gobierno serbio ha declarado que actuara por medios militares para evitar la secesin de Kosovo. Dada su estructura econmica, Kosovo podra tener problemas en la supervivencia como un Estado independiente, especialmente si Serbia retiene el control sobre parte del norte de su territorio. Aunque se le concedan los derechos a la provincia, la independencia puede llevar a la migracin de la minora serbia de Kosovo. La comunidad internacional no tiene intenciones de reconocer un Kosovo independiente, ya que este hecho podra inspirar a los albaneses en Macedonia a intentar un acto similar de secesin. En vista de la posicin rgida, tanto de las autoridades serbias, como de los albano kosovares, un tercer actor debera iniciar y facilitar el proceso, que lleve a una solucin pacfica y permanente del conflicto. Esta funcin puede ser mejor ejercida por la comunidad internacional representada a travs de un enviado especial. El mismo debera utilizar todos los medios posibles para llevar a las partes a la mesa de negociacin, promover una solucin pacfica, y extender las garantas internacionales para cualquier acuerdo constitucional permanente. La comunidad internacional debera evitar asimismo el abocarse en una opcin especfica para un status permanente de Kosovo, dejando que las part es involucradas lleguen a un acuerdo. De esa forma, los Estados que monitorean las negociaciones, no deberan enlentecerlas, al promover la opcin que ellos consideran ms adecuada autonoma mejorada porque sta es refutada por ambas partes. Tanto Serbia como Kosovo deberan definir por s mismas el status permanente de Kosovo. La promocin internacional de cualquier opcin especfica, tambin estara yendo contra el principio de no precondicionamiento en las negociaciones. el papel de la comunidad internacional debera ser el de iniciar el proceso de paz, pero no de definir el resultado final: llegando entonces a proponer una solucin, pero no a imponerla. Las Naciones Unidas deberan imponer la inmediata e ntegra restauracin de los derechos civiles y humanos a los ciudadanos albano kosovares. Asimismo, una asistencia adicional debera ser proporcionada para ayudar al proceso de democratizacin en Serbia, fortaleciendo a la sociedad civil y mejorando la situacin social y econmica de Kosovo. Aunque la democratizacin y el fortalecimiento de la sociedad civil no resuelven la crisis en Kosovo directamente, constituyen una base indispensable para cualquier tipo de solucin. El apoyo internacional tanto financiero como poltico debera otorgarse a los medios independientes, al sector de las ONGs, a los proyectos acerca de los Derechos Humanos, y a las posturas polticas alternativas, para mejorar la comunicacin entre los diferentes grupos cvicos. Con objeto de mejorar la situacin social y econmica en Kosovo, se apela a la asistencia directa internacional, para dirigirla al sector educativo, de la salud, a las actividades generadoras de ingresos, y, como ya hemos expuesto en numerosas ocasiones a lo largo del presente trabajo, al restablecimiento de los Derechos Humanos.Bibliography:I Accuse! Critical remarks on the role of the European Union, NATO and the USA in Yugoslavia. DOLECEK, Rajko. Questions and Opinions Library. Praga, 1999. Derecho Internacional PblicoLIEVANO, Gaviria. Editorial Temis S.A. Santa Fe de Bogot, 1998. Despus del comunismo. Europa despus de la cada del muro. VENGOA, Hugo Fazio. Medelln, 1995. PrensaLa activit des tribunaux pnaux internationaux pour lex Yougoslavie (1995 1997) et pour le Ruanda (1994 1997) Annuaire Francais de Droit International. XLIII 1997 CNRS Editions, Pars ASCENSIO, Herv.La OTAN en el umbral del siglo XXIRevista de Poltica exterior. 1998SOLANA, Javier. La ayuda humanitaria y los Derechos Humanos: dos grandes desafos para la nueva generacin de Peace keeping Revista Diplomacia. Enero / Marzo 1998SALAZAR ALVAREZ, Juan CarlosNaciones Unidas y el mantenimiento de la PazPoltica Exterior. 65, XII Setiembre / Octubre 1998. SMITH SERRANO, AndrsIs Kosovo Real? Revista Foreign Affairs- Volume 78 No. 01January February 1999Un genocida plenamente escurridizo. Diario El Pas de Madrid, pp.: 3 4 EKAISER, Ernesto. 2 de mayo de 1999. Es indispensable para nosotros que la OTAN entre en Kosovo. Diario El Pas de Madrid, pp.: 7 Entrevista a Nexhmije Hoxha. Viuda del dictador albans. LOBO, Ramn. 2 de mayo de 1999. La solucin en Kosovo es un protectorado internacional. Diario El Pas de Madrid, pp.: 6WESTENDORP, Carlos. 9 de mayo de 1999. La OTAN, falta de liderazgo poltico, ha cometido errores. Diario El Pas de Madrid, pp.: 4Entrevista a John Chipman. Director del Instituto Internacional de Estudios Estratgicos. PRADOS, Luis. 16 de mayo de 1999. Democracia y Guerra. Diario el Pas de Madrid, pp.: 15 16. CEBRIN, Juan Luis. 23 de mayo de 1999. A la larga, no hay salida con Milosevic. Diario El Pas de Madrid, pp.: 5 6Entrevista a Janos Martonyi. Ministro de Asuntos exteriores de Hungra. COMAS, Jos. 23 de mayo de 1999. Tres cantos por Kosovo. Diario El Pas de Madrid, pp.: 11 13 KADAR, Ismal. 30 de mayo de 1999. International Law is dissolving the worlds borders. Diario Herald Tribune,pp.: 6ROSENBERG, Tina. Nueva York, 4 de julio de 1999. The attack. Time Magazine, pp.: 24 40. Nueva York, 5 de abril de 1999. Are ground troops the answer?. Time Magazine, pp.: 24 46. Nueva York, 12 de abril de 1999. The losers. Newsweek Magazine, pp.: 10 29. Hollywood, 12 de abril de 1999. Strike force. Time Magazine, pp.: 26 42. Nueva York, 19 de abril de 1999. Albright at war. Time Magazine, pp.: 24 40. Nueva York, 17 de mayo de 1999. Documentos de InternetSitio oficial del Movimiento Democrtico Serbio de Kosovo y Metohija. http://www.kosovo.com/Agencia de Informacin de Estados Unidoshttp://www.usia.gov/regional/eur/balkans/kosovoDepartamento de Estado de Estados Unidoshttp://www.state.gov/www/regions/eur/kosovo_hp.htmlPgina de informacin de Kosovohttp://www.decani.yunet.com/kip.htmlSito oficial del gobierno yugoslavohttp://www.gov.yu/kosovo/ Centro de informacin internacionalhttp://www.cnn.com/

The Epic by Kamasi Washington free essay sample

Kamasi Washington is a jazz artist with what seems to be big dreams in mind. Incorporating different forms of jazz like big band, smooth jazz, and free form, he’s got some talent. â€Å"The Epic† is several hours’ worth of diverse sounds. Yep, it’s no wonder they call it epic. Not only are half the tracks epic in length, but the entire album is three hours long, includes 17 tracks, and no track is shorter than six minutes. Most of the album is free form and smooth jazz; Washington (also the saxophonist and band’s frontman) has written some great songs here. Expect the solos to be mostly improv, and their complexity peaks at the free form sections of the album. Most of the solos are on the sax or piano. I would suggest listening to the album for an hour at a time, not all at once. There aren’t a lot of vocals, although they’re not completely absent from the album. We will write a custom essay sample on The Epic by Kamasi Washington or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In fact, tracks like â€Å"Cherokee,† â€Å"Malcolm’s Theme,† and â€Å"Henrietta Our Hero† have what seem to be almost entirely female vocals – they seem to work best in any jazz music, and they do here for sure. Does â€Å"The Epic† have flaws? What album doesn’t? I do think the musicians could try changing up some of their flows a bit. Also, unless it’s supposed to be a drum solo, the drum work could be toned down, if you ask me. Yeah, it is jazz music so polyrhythms and other fancy time signature tricks are to be expected, but this isn’t Tool or Meshuggah – rock bands where the loud drumming is constant. This only applies to the smooth jazz segments – just so I don’t concern you too much. I give this album 9/10

Gender Roles in Jane Eyre free essay sample

To varying degrees, Charlotte Brontes Jane Eyre addresses the expectations of gender roles presently common in Victorian novels during the nineteenth century. Even in modern day society, the view of man tends to be aggressive, dominative, and ambitious, while women are portrayed as emotional, subservient, and sometimes passive. Brontes depiction of the stereotypical male and female roles are accurate, but she also displays how ones gender can be altered. Jane, the novels protagonist, is a cookie-cutout of what was expected of women in Victorian times. She dresses simply, is submissive, and longs for a male counterpart. As the story progresses, Jane shys away from conformities, but her willfulness to remain abnormal is tested when she endures heart-wrenching situations. The novel opens, revealing the spirit and personality of Jane, as it experiences suppression when she questions why she is being punished. Mrs. Reed answers to Jane and tells her that it is unacceptable for a child to speak to an elder in that manner. We will write a custom essay sample on Gender Roles in Jane Eyre or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The verbal attacks continue when Mrs. Reeds son, John Reed, angrily tells Jane that she is dependent and undeserving of the food and clothes that are provided at the expense of his mother. John Reed, then physcially attacks her, and Jane is locked away in the red room. She goes on to make an apparent point as to the unfairness of how she is being treated. Unjust! unjust! said my reason, forced by the agonizing stimulus into precocious though transitory power; and Resolve, equally wrought up, instigated some strange expedient to achieve escape from insupportable oppression- as running away, or, if that could not be effected, never eating or drinking more, and letting myself die (Bronte 21 ). In this case, Janes gender is not the reason she is being punished, it is more her childish nature. As she grows older, the same treatment remains for Jane, making this a prominent portion of the novel. It also is the setting stone for how women are made inferior, and that they do not deserve any more respect than a child does. Being of lower class and minimal beauty, it is unlikely Jane would ever become part of a high social status. Jane does possess an admirable education which grants her a governess position at Thornfield. This stage in the book is an important developmental period for her character, because governesses acted as a divider for the lower and middle class. Jane takes on the role as a middle class women, educating Adele, while still living and earning a payment under her master. As a female, starting from merely nothing and earning an eductional position at Thornfield was unlikely to be achieved, but Jane defies this assumption. Upon meeting her master, Mr. Rochester, Jane is quick to fall for him. She longs to become his wife, even though she is aware that Rochester, being of high social standing, could not marry her because society would look down upon this. Jane experiences internal conflict when she realizes that he is too good for her, and she is solely nothing in his eyes. She thinks, Dont make [Mr. Rochester] the object of your fine feelings, your raptures, agonies, and so forth. He is not of your order: keep to your caste; and be too self respecting to lavish the love of the whole heart, soul, and strength, where such a gift is not wanted and would be despised (Bronte 218). By Jane expressing these feelings, she is giving us an insight on the mindsets of lower class woman during the Victorian era. All thoughts of true happiness are to be suppressed by keeping in mind their lower class lifestyles and telling themselves they are unworthy. These thoughts do not exist to Rochester, for if he were to make the decision to be with Jane, his prerogative would not be questioned by society. We are aware that men of this day were driven by ambition and the wealth that would dress their name if associated with it. Before Rochester professes his love to Jane, he speaks of a woman named Blanch with whom he has had relations with. He only takes a liking for her due to her social status and later tells Jane that he only spoke of her to be of assurance that she truly liked him. Rochester displays what a man of this time would do; putting to use his ability to control the emotions of a woman, only causing Jane to desire him more. Janes discovery of self respect helps her to flee from Rochester after she discovers that the insane woman who resides in the top rooms of Thornfield is actually his wife, Bertha. Janes behavior is unheard of for women at this time, yet demands some respect. The roles reverse, and Rochester is the one who is left to clean up the shards of a heartbreak, while Jane abandons her position as a governess without any idea of what she will do. She looks back on her life momentarily before she leaves her fate in her own hands, stating, No reflection was to be allowed now: nit one glance was to be cast back; not even one forward. Not one thought was to be given either to the past or the future. The first was a page so heavenly sweet so deadly sad that to read one line of it would dissolve my courage and break down my energy. The last was an awful blank: something like the world when the deluge was gone bye (Bronte 428). With this, Jane shares how women are expected to find a meaning to their lives, yet proves that she does not need to conform with the standards and guidance of men. Through struggles with her newly found independence and lashing out on those who surround her, she returns to Rochester. The act of leaving Rochester was done simply because she knew what would be best for herself, but at the same time she knew that she still loved him. By no means did this make her weak upon returning, for any other woman would have never left in the first place to discover herself. At this point, the fire has occurred, leaving Rochester blind. Despite still working under him, Jane has technically taken on a more dominant role in caring and providing for Rochester. She now has money that she has inherited from her deceased uncle, which she selflessly shares with her cousins. ? Brontes character portrayal, regarding the gender roles fits the expectations of Victorian times, while bending them as the story continues. In the beginning, both Jane and Rochester fit the mold of how the typical man and woman lived. Janes character becomes more admirable as she journeys to self-discovery and returns to Rochester when she felt it was morally right. The story displays the prominent theme of all Victorian novels, while Bronte adds her own twist, making it interesting and insightful.

Careers in law are open to all and the legal profession is sufficiently diverse. Discuss. The WritePass Journal

Careers in law are open to all and the legal profession is sufficiently diverse. Discuss. Introduction Careers in law are open to all and the legal profession is sufficiently diverse. Discuss. IntroductionBibliographyCasesRelated Introduction As a minority group, women have traditionally remained underrepresented within the legal profession. Whilst careers in law may, theoretically, be open to all, the reality is that due to the physiological make-up, maternalistic nature and historical suppression of women in society they have struggled to break entry into the traditionally male-dominated and elitist profession. This essay will argue that although efforts have and are continuing to be made to make a career in the law accessible for women, one could argue that the profession cannot yet be deemed sufficiently diverse as challenges continue to face women who elect to work with this profession. This essay will begin by summarising the history of the position of women in society, move to look to the challenges that face women and employers and finally, summarise steps that can be taken in an effort to eliminate such restraints. Women have fought a long battle against subordination. As late as the twentieth century, in England and Wales, women remained legally subordinate to men. In other cultures, this position remains in practice today. In England and Wales, coverture referred to the rights of women being subsumed by those of her husband through common law marriage. This legal doctrine left women without an identity and gave her husband control of her, her property and the custody of her children. Marital rape was not outlawed until R v R came before the House of Lords in 1992. Society saw women merely as objects of their husbands. It was not acceptable for women to study medicine or law or to engage in politics. Liberal ideals were quashed by the belief that women were irrational, temperamentally unfit to deal with such subjects and their place was in the home being a subservient wife and maternal parent. During the war effort, in particular, women proved that they were capable of holding down important r oles within the workforce and society more generally, and were seen as rational and intelligent in their thinking as their male counterparts. Women were granted suffrage in 1928 through the Equal Franchise Act and have since broken down the barriers into almost all professions. Despite, in theory, women having the ability to do everything a man can do, challenges remain that make it difficult to suggest that men and women are truly equal. Both society and the legal profession now support women embarking on careers within the industry. By 2008-9, 60% of all new admissions to the Roll were women and 52% of those called to the Bar in the same year were women. The Bar society indicated that in 2009, 34% of barristers were women. These figures demonstrate that women now make up over a third of all barristers, however, barristers are usually well educated and often from high socioeconomic standing, so this figure does not fully represent whether the legal profession is diverse for the average woman. Statistical evidence also proves that women still struggle to be appointed to the highest positions within the legal profession. Few women are promoted to Queen’s Counsel and the first woman to sit within the House of Lords was only appointed to this position in 2003. Women are traditionally paid lower than men. The Equal Pay Act 1970 has attempted to solve the disparity between the male and female pay gap, however, it is not uncommon for a case of this nature to arise. Recently, an employee sued her employer, Lewis Silkin, on the grounds that she was being paid lower than a male counterpart. Arguments suggest that due to the more emotional, sensitive and maternalistic nature of women in comparison to men, often women opt to specialise in different areas of law, such as family or personal injury law rather than male dominated specialisms, such as corporate or banking law. Family and personal injury law are also often less high-profile and do not hinge on lucrative deals so the specialisms are often not as well paid. To dismiss a woman for falling pregnant and wanting maternity leave is unfair dismissal. Pregnancy does, however, play an important role in this debate. Most employers would assume that a young woman will take a break to have a baby in the future and the fact that having a child is traditionally less disruptive to the work life of a man, it makes the male counterpart a cheaper and safer option in the long-term. A break in work is seen as disruptive and employers need to fill that position during the maternity leave, effectively causing the employer to pay twice for the same job to be completed. In a time when employers are facing tough economic times, having reliable staff that do not have to be replaced for extended durations appears, on face value, to be commercially viable option. Furthermore, there is a concern for the employer that childcare issues may cause disruption and lost working hours when the employee does return. Legal professionals who are self-employed, such as barris ters, can find the transition far more difficult in terms of covering their living costs and retaining clients during maternity leave and the stress of a new baby when they later return to work. In 2004, the Bar Council published policies that cover the issues of maternity, paternity and flexible working hours in an attempt to balance family life and legal practice. To actively reflect this aim, the policy has increased the time a barrister’s seat may be open rent free with Chamber’s expenses from three months to one year. In Heard and another v Sinclair Roche and Temperley (a firm) and others, it was ruled that the firm had unlawfully discriminated on the grounds of family status and combined with unlawful sex discrimination, constituted unfair treatment. This claim arose when the firm failed to promote or progress the individual. The firm had a total of 36 partners and only 6 were women. This case suggested that women are also less likely to be appointed to managerial positions, particularly if the dominating power is male. Other arguments suggest that women are more emotional than men and office politics are more present. Webley suggests that women struggle to progress in the profession for a variety of reasons including masculine office culture, the pressure of working long hours and high billing targets and dissatisfaction with commodification’s effect on work quality. In terms of the legal profession, lawyers represent the legal position of their client and to do so, must relate well and truly understand the situation of their client. If all lawyers were men, one could question whether women in society could ever be adequately represented by the legal profession. There is an argument to say that there is as much a place for women in the profession as men, as women solve problems in a different way, can be more compassionate and can balance an all-male work environment. Parliament has made attempts to allow greater access to the legal profession to minority groups by enacting legislation such as the Courts and Legal Services Act 1990. The main purpose of this enactment was to reform the legal profession after the findings of the Benson Commission in the 1970s. To the judiciary, in particular, important changes were made to appointments and pensions and significant changes were implemented towards the organisation and regulation of the legal profession. The Constitutional Reform Act 2005 later recommended that an independent body should be created to deal with the appointment of judges, which came after criticism from the Law Society regarding the old system. Such legislative and societal support towards the accessibility and diversity of the legal profession should instil a hopefulness into affected women that the profession is moving in the right direction. There have been several attempts by the profession itself to promote and encourage accessibility and diversity. The PRIME initiative saw 23 UK and Irish law firms come together to form a ground-breaking initiative to increase social mobility through a wide ranging work experience scheme. Whilst this initiative focused more on socioeconomic status rather than gender, the results suggest that real opportunities within the legal profession have been offered to those who are otherwise unlikely to have been given the opportunity. In conclusion, the legal profession is not yet sufficiently diverse. Both historical and contemporary statistics prove a bias towards men due to the maternalistic nature of women. Statistics demonstrate a trend that the profession is moving in the right direction in terms of equality, diversity and accessibility for women, however, the battle for truly equal treatment, rights and pay for both genders is an ongoing issue within the legal profession, as it is in society generally. Historically, women were refrained from having an identity and practicing within the legal profession because they were considered irrational and incapable. Whilst that perception has clearly disappeared, which is a positive shift, women still face challenges due to the physiological differences between men and women. These differences will never change and unless there is a shift in the mentality of employers’, these are likely to be challenges that remain for the duration. One could argue that the ba ttle between equality and diversity within the legal profession and commercial viability for business owners will never truly resolve. Bibliography Deborah, L. ‘Title of the article’ [2001] Women and the Legal Profession 156 Fredman, S. ‘Discrimination Law’ (New York, United States: Oxford University Press Inc, 2001) Leighton, P. ‘Discrimination and the Law’ (Camp Road, London: Short Run Press, 2004) Macdonald, L. ‘Equality, Diversity and Discrimination’ (Camp Road, London: Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development, 2004) McColgan, A. ‘Discrimination Law’ (North, America: Hart Publishing Co, 2nd edn., 2005). Roach Anleu, S. ‘Law and Social Change’ (City Road, London: Sage Publication Limited, 2000) Sargeant, M. ‘Discrimination Law’ (Essex, England: Pearson Education Limited, 2004) Sommerland, H., Webley, D., Duff, L., Muzio, D., Tomlinson, J. ‘Diversity in the Legal Profession in England and Wales: A Qualitative Study of Barriers and Individual Choices’ Suddards, H. ‘Sex and Race Discrimination’ (Camp Road, London: Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development, 2nd edn., 2002) Webley, L., Duff, L. ‘Women Solicitors as a Barometer for Problems within the Legal Profession: Time to Put Values before Profits?’ (2007) 34 Journal of Law and Society 374 Wilkins, D. ‘Rollin on the River: Race, Elite Schools, and the Equality Paradox’ (2000) 25 Law and Social Inquiry 527 Cases Heard and another v Sinclair Roche and Temperley (a firm) and others [2004] All ER (D) 432 (Jul) R v R [1992] 1 A.C. 599 Legislation Constitutional Reform Act 2005 Courts and Legal Services Act 1990 Equal Franchise Act 1928 Equal Pay Act 1970

Milton Glasers nurturing ideas Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Milton Glasers nurturing ideas - Assignment Example Based on Glaser’s talk, it is useful when he says that every single poster made in a banal way is a half-way toward an original design. Moreover, as he notes, intellectual activity should constantly work in order to compare this or that piece of design (Glaser, 1998). On the other hand, the relationships between different elements of design are too significant to make something unusual.PART IILooking at the way designers work, I have chosen the following four ways of design methods, namely: 1) Being your users; 2) Brainstorming; 3) Cluster and vote; 4) Physical prototyping (Design Council, 2010). First, I tried to replicate the whole picture of how potential clients would reflect on the design. It is obvious that a divine design is when people cannot but be embarrassed by what a designer created. Thus, being your users is a method to make point at the very start. It is a prerequisite toward an innovative creation. Second, brainstorming is the way of creative work which needs h uge intellectual efforts in order to generate spontaneous ideas of possible use for the overall design. In fact, it is a method supporting the whole process since the very outset until the finishing strokes (Bierut, 2006). Third, cluster and vote method is needful for me among the rest due to its aim at identifying a pattern in the problem area (Design Council, 2010). In other words, it deals more with brainstorming as long as the latter method is a so-called drive for selecting particular solutions through cluster and vote.

The Politics of Research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Politics of Research - Essay Example Sheila Dow has gathered several economists to review Card and Krueger's important work Myth and Measurement: The New Economics of the Minimum Wage, and what is more important than what any of these individual reviewers has to say is the collective impression left by the reviewers: the politics of research play a far larger role than do the numbers themselves. Finis Welch is left calling for an entirely new set of standards to govern the process of economic research and interpretation (Dow 2002). Several of the reviewers in this article refer to the design of what Card and Krueger call their "natural experiments" designed to see how an increased minimum wage would affect employment. One of the primary arguments against an increase in minimum wage has been that employers would be forced to reduce their workforce numbers to accommodate the higher wage - or to raise prices to such a degree as to render the increased wage negligible. Card and Krueger find as their conclusion that this argument is not true - they conclude that the effect on employment of a higher minimum wage is almost nonexistent. Charles Brown (who, coincidentally, believes that a 10% increase in the minimum wage would decrease employment by 1%) criticizes Card and Krueger's methods, saying that their time window for measuring effects of an increased minimum wage is too short, and does not consider other factors, such as sunk and capital costs (Dow 2002). By contrast, Richard Freeman, who views the minimum wage as one palliative for this "era with rising inequality," agrees with the use of a short time window, because "[e]mpirical analysis of quantitative responses to price incentives is most convincing over periods during which the structure of the economy, technology, and so on can safely be viewed as fixed"(Dow 2002). And so even one's opinion of statistical methodology, it seems, is related to one's prevailing opinion about the topic at hand. If one wants to write a paper that has a certain result, the temptation will soon arise to allow the statistical analysis to provide only a particular answer. Paul Osterman makes note of an analysis that Card and Krueger conducted using past research. According to their study, not only have past economists decided not to publish papers about the minimum wage that would contradict the prevailing argument about the danger to employment numbers, but even within papers that were published, they have "simply [ignored] findings that were inconsistent with the point the authors wanted to make" (Dow 2002). Of course, this manipulation and misuse of data is exactly what Finis Welch accuses Card and Krueger of doing in their own book: after dissecting Card and Krueger's studies and finding them too statistically insignificant to support a hypothesis, he asks, "Are these the kind of data that you would recommend as the basis for national policy"(Dow 2002). In addition to flaws in the design and implementation of particular research methods, this selection of reviews also provides insight to the inherent biases that the reviewers themselves bring to

On Defining Governance, Democracy and Decentralization Essay

On Defining Governance, Democracy and Decentralization - Essay Example Increasingly, among international organizations (such as the World Bank and the United Nations), governance is used as a concept to both provide a broad overview of and describe the way societies manage themselves. In the dialogue routinely engaged in by the United Nations and the World Bank "governance" is normally spoken of in terms of three systems - the political/administrative; the economic; and the civil society. When looking at governance from this perspective an important additional dimension is introduced into any discussion of the relationship between governance, democracy and decentralization because one is forced to pay attention to the significance of decentralization for economic development. This represents a very significant dimension in terms of the overall well-being of the society as a whole for it can be central to the defining of its development potential. Governance has also been described and dealt with, particularly in the past two decades, in terms of how to improve the functioning of the actual political/administrative system extant in a particular country. ... rnmental organization (which frequently means the downsizing of government bureaucracies); and the strong encouragement of transparency and accountability in government. There is obviously a long history of discussion about and consideration of what are the attributes of democracy and democratic governance. During the course of the past half century, most attention in this regard has focused upon four basic attributes. These include the conduct within a country of free and fair elections; the existence of a reasonably well-organized and competitive party system; a delineation of, respect for, and protection of basic civil liberties and human rights within the society; and, the encouragement, support of and active participation of a vigorous civil society and, in particular, strong interest groups. While democracy and its attributes have been the topic of much thought, writing and discussion, it is still the case that there are not totally precise measures of or delineations of where democratic governance begins or ends within a society. In fact, democracy is inevitably a "work in progress." The institutions and processes of democracy are constantly in a state of evolution. Such evolution is not always necessarily in a progressive or productive fashion. Clearly there are moments in almost all societies in which democratic processes and values suffer setbacks. Likewise, there are other times when what is normally evolutionary progress toward higher levels of democratic governance sometimes become dramatic movement. The concept of decentralization is perhaps a little less clearly defined in part because it is the newest of these concerns. One of the things that has added some misunderstanding to the debate and discussion over decentralization is the frequent

Tocqueville Analyses Political Society Functioning Politics Essay

Tocqueville Analyses Political Society Functioning Politics Essay The key cultural and economic factors in the Tocquevilles work revolve around social equality and inequality. In his work Tocqueville tend to focus on equality in the society the aristocratic which compromised equality and democracy which maximized equality. Tocqueville recognizes that in America several social forces have allowed people to remain free. Tocqueville talks about burgeoning democratic order and views democracy from the perspective of a detached social scientist. Tocqueville observes democracy as an equation that balances equality and liberty concern for the America society. He finds human to thirst for equality and the desire of the weak to bring the strong down the equal levels reducing men to favor parity in servitude to inequality in freedom. Tocqueville analyses political society functioning and several forms of political associations and has shed some light on the civil society. Similar to Marx and Hegel, Tocqueville demonstrates civil society as a sphere of civil affairs and private entrepreneurship. Justifiably, Tocqueville indicates that equality of social condition has bred civilian and political values which in turn determine the type of legislations to be passed. Tocqueville maintains with Aristotle and Montesquieu that the balances of possessions determine the poise of power. Distinctively positioned at the crossroads of American history; Tocqueville view on American democracy attempted to capture the very fundamental nature of American culture and values. Greenberg Greenberg indicates that within the structure of democratic capitalism in America, the government structure and the constitution have a vitally liberal backbone. The relationship between the government and an individual is through the constitution which read aloud the liberal values fundamentally woven into the rich history of America. The American constitution combined with the Bill of Rights holds the prevailing government accountable for all the actions and sets a finite limit on the power it exercises over a citizen. America as a capitalist society uses wealth distribution and taxation way to control social equity. In keeping with classical liberalism, the society and the state can be viewed as an immense social contract. The central liberal principle that is served by the American constitution limits and separates governmental power. In n keeping with Greenberg argument, the characteristically liberal mistrust of majoritarian tyranny has been continued to the contemporary American politics through the constitution. Liberal concern with individual rights has principally been portrayed in the American customs by the Bill of Rights. Liberalism guarantees individual liberty like freedom of religion, speech and the universal rights of all the American citizens. The function of the Bill of Rights is protection of the American citizen from the abuse of power that might be committed by any part of the government. Individual freedom has been established as one of the hallmarks of liberalism especially fo r the Americas free-market economy; every American citizen is free to choose how they would like to use their income. Generally, liberal principles supports that individuals should pursue their own best interest economically, this mutual pursuit of individual interest encourages improvement and innovation. In regard to the Greenberg argument, the analogy presents that the free market economics is similar to free market for policies and ideas and thus liberal democracy. Underlying the liberal approach to political and economic organization is the assertion that every individual possess equal rights to work, cast their votes and this creates an equal playing-ground in the electoral politics. Arguably, united nation as a country has strayed least from values of liberalism. American constitution is based on fundamental liberal principles protecting individuals and limiting appropriate powers of government. Lipset In keeping with the works of Lipet, formulating a national identity the American nation presents a progressive and a virile society that has abundance of opportunity to all. Lipsets work also depicts a society rich in corrupt affluence; a society with a rising laxity of values and morals, impropriety of taste and a broadening gap between the haves and have-nots. American policies and put by Lipset follows the principles that were set in the federalist. America sort thet nations must focus their interest in their foreign policies. Lipset indicates that one powerful step to American development is the weight of ancient tradition present in most of the states was initially not there. America grew not only as a new nation but also a new society with new set morals and values. However, religion can at some point be seen as a new conventional institution that has played a great role in America. All in all, in the first half a decade the religion defenders were greatly weakened with disesta blishment of Anglican and the New England Congregationalist. Lipset draws a significant connection between democracy and income. In keeping with Lipset, economic development through increased income determine the type of class struggle allowing person in the lower strata to come up with more gradualist views in reference to political change. Factors that seem to be Central in all arguments All the arguments respond to the impact of political and social development of the U.S. to its governance. In keeping with the three arguments it is definite that America has a unique culture which has been developed for a long time. In is fundamental to understand that Tocqueville lays emphasis on liberty, individualism, laissez-faire and egalitarianism as the main driving forces for Democratic republic Do you agree which the idea that the United States is exceptional that the political system here developed in ways that make it very different from political systems in other countries. The distinctive national attribute of the U.S. political and social culture distinguishes the nations from other nations. United States possesses an exceptional political system that is developed in ways that make them very different from political system. U.S. Political system has clearly been defined by elementary documents. The 1776 declaration of independence and the 1789 U.S constitution are the foundations of the United States federal government. In reference to Khan (2003), the declaration of independence institutes the U.S. as a political entity that is independent. The constitution on the other hand, formulates a basic structure of the U.S. federal government. In keeping with Tocqueville, the greatest advantage of the Americans is the fact the country reached to a state of democracy without enduring democratic revolution. Supplementary readings Khan, L. (2003). A theory of universal democracy: beyond the end of history. The Hague New York: Kluwer Law International. Schleifer, J. (2012). The Chicago companion to Tocquevilles Democracy in America. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.

Joe Paterno: He Is Penn State :: Essays Papers

Joe Paterno: He Is Penn State The college football world has gone mad. Conferences are doing battle in courtrooms instead of on the football field. Teams are leaving their conferences and throwing tradition and loyalty out the window for a bigger paycheck. The Bowl Championship Series was supposed to end the confusion in the college football post season. It was supposed to crown a true champion. Instead, the B.C.S. has only brought more light to the fact that in college football it is all about money and TV contracts. Teams that have no right going to a major bowl game go because of who they are and, more importantly, who their fans are and how much money the fans are will to spend. Players are failing classes, stealing, doing drugs, breaking almost every law imaginable, and they are still suiting up to play on Saturday. In this new age of college football, there is a man who is as old school as having goal posts right on the goal line. He is short in stature, but he is larger than life. He has given millions of dollars back to his university, and he has put his heart and his soul into molding young me. Joe Paterno has become an icon of college football. In these modern times, however, his morals and his coaching style seem outdated. Now, in the twilight of his career, he has to battle a grueling Big Ten schedule, the media who made him a legend and who are now looking to make him into a fool, and even his once loyal fans who have turned their backs on him. Joe Paterno has his back against the wall; it seems everything is working against him. He could walk away now and forever be remembered as a great football coach, or he can keep running out of that tunnel and work on putting Penn State football back on the map. He can take back the title that is rightfully his, the greatest college football coach of all time. Joe Paterno should remain in charge of the Penn State football program. Along the way, he deserves every Penn State fans support, win or lose. Joe Paterno has found a way to win in college football. More importantly, he has found a way to win and keep his morals and the morals of the University. Paterno could have retired two years ago, after he reached victory number 324.

Architectural Humanities Questions

Architectural Humanistic disciplines Question 1:Compare the zikkurat of Ur from Mesopotamia civilisation and pyramids of Teotihuacan from Mesoamerica civilisation in footings of stuffs, and seek to explicate how the natural environments could act upon the dominant architectural development. The Ziggurat of Ur is the most constituted staying spiritual constructions from the Sumerian Era. Located in contemporary Iraq, it is an huge stepped pyramid, nevertheless merely the first grade remains. The zikkurat was a spiritual construction incorporating a temple composite every bit good as other unidentified possible comfortss that served the ancient metropolis of Ur. In the second century BC a new unidentified civilisation ascended edifice several immense stepped pyramids, now known as the pyramids of Teotihuacan located in contemporary Mexico. The Pyramid of the Sun was built around 200 A.D, one of the largest edifice in Mesoamerica. Construction of the smaller pyramid of the Moon, was non completed until 450 A.D. The building of The Ziggurat of Ur consisted of assorted natural stuffs found locally, these were sourced from The Mouth of Euphrates. Similar the belongingss of the stuffs used at Teotihuacan are shared as the environing environment consist of a boggy basin. The nucleus of the zikkurat is dumbly filled with extended clay bricks, walls were thick to counterbalance for the infirmity of clay, most likely the bricks contained a clay compound with the proviso of straw/reeds to beef up. Much like this the Pyramids of Teotihuacan aren’t built of solid rock, alternatively they consist of clay and rock debris infill and utilize the manner of talud-tablero ( holding both inclining and unsloped panel subdivisions ) for structural strength, nevertheless both enhance the stableness to counter excess weight, by profiting from the inclining planes. The Pyramids addition great advantage being covered with beds of cut rock able to drive practically any signifier of wet, this being sourced fro m the nearby cragged part accessed through the canoe channel web. On the other manus, the zikkurat adopted a technique of utilizing beds of brick to be separated by reeds leting drainage throughout and go forthing through weep holes ; whilst the side and patios of the construction consist of Sun baked clay bricks to add a constituent of waterproofing. Furthermore, clay from the river bed was used as a signifier of howitzer to counterbalance for the comparative strength of clay and protection from air current and rain. Much like this the Pyramids adopted their chief building stuff as a mixture of dirt and H2O, similar to clay, as it was readily available in this country and hold a unafraid constituent. In my sentiment both constructions showed solidness through the creative activity of inward inclining walls, making the feeling of looking ageless. The chief maps were simply to back up a comparatively little topographic point of worship nevertheless the sheer tallness provided an feeling, sacredly, culturally and commercially through religious nutriment ; hence both constructions portion similar orientations to the Sun. Question 2:Describe how Chinese Scholar Garden ( Wangshi Garden ) and Nipponese Moss Garden ( Saiho Jemaah Islamiyah ) usage different workss as important stuffs of design, and explicate their background societal contexts ( doctrines ) severally. The Chinese Scholar have created a scenic garden manner designed in order to show the harmoniousness bing between adult male and nature, a illumination compacted environment built for pleasance and to affect ; a so called Miniature Universe. A typical layout entails an enclosed walled country dwelling of pools, stone formations/variations, and a diverse scope of workss ; making carefully composed scenery. Nipponese Moss Gardens, are premeditated designs for a balance of diversion, aesthetic pleasance, contemplation and speculation. These illumination designs frequently were in a extremely abstract and conventional mode, composed around an entwined way fluxing through the garden, leting observation of cardinal elements. Nipponese Moss Gardens were, at first, developed under the influences of the Chinese Scholar Gardens. Finally development came through the grasp and coaction of their ain aesthetics, in the signifier of Nipponese stuffs and civilization. ‘The Four Nobles’ refer to four workss: the plum, the orchid, the bamboo, and the chrysanthemum[ 1 ], which withhold many symbolic significances. The plum tree is non deemed peculiarly dramatic nor that of its flower, nevertheless its ability to exudate this ambitious status, devises this blunt contrast and serves as a metaphor for interior beauty and a low presence. The Orchid represents and exemplifies simple elegance, a delicate signifier with no inclination towards force, with its visual aspect in spring this is deemed to mean humbleness and aristocracy. The shaft of bamboo is hollow, with it huge capableness to defy immense weights and force per unit areas through strength and flexibleness, this yielded the baronial qualities of the Chinese Scholar, low, lissome and yet surprisingly strong ; this besides came to resemble incarnation and resiliency. Finally the chrysanthemum signifies calm and virtuousness as it defies the fall hoar and most workss wither and die ; i t enables a religious Utopia for one to link with nature through bravery. Nothing in a Nipponese garden is left to opportunity, each component is chosen consequently for its symbolic significance ; mosses strongly show the landform and impression of an island. These are collaborated with the apprehension of their aesthetic and symbolic significance to either fell unwanted sights, or to resemble an acquired constituent. Moss is frequently utilized to organize a dynamic composing because of its adaptability and bendability ; with the purpose to invent a carefully controlled world, an idealized version of the natural universe, stripped to its indispensable. Moss creates the kernel of implicit in breakability and mutableness, developing an feeling to promote contemplation and response. The Nipponese believe it to be a symbol of infinity, versatility and resiliency resembled by the coexistence of ocular strength and physical breakability, able to last and stay resilienteven in rough conditions, including terrible cold and drouth. [ 1 ]Hong Jiang ( 2011 )The Plum Blossom: A Symbol of Strength,Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.theepochtimes.com/n2/china-news/the-plum-blossom-a-symbol-of-strength-57557.html( Accessed: 19 January 2014 ) . Question 3:Compare and contrast two domed spiritual edifices, Hagia Sophia in Istanbul and Selimiye Mosque in Edirne in footings of overall signifier, layout, construction, and map. Hagia Sophia was established in 537 AD. It is considered be one of the historical greats for its beauty and domineer with many symbolic mentions to it impressiveness and spiritualty ; It marks the startup of Byzantine architecture. The construction was the most praised and celebrated church in all Christendom for many old ages. After the corruptness of Constantinople, it was adapted to a mosque with few minor add-ons, of all time since it has been an inspiration and an model design for many of the Islamic mosques. Likewise, Edirne is known for its beautiful mosques, but none rather every bit much as the Selimiye Mosque. Considered as one of the highest achievements of Islamic Architecture, the mosques was constructed in 1575 and at present dominates the skyline of Edirne. The Mosque is non a comprehensive composite, nevertheless facilitates many comfortss, created through a more modest attack. The Hagia Sofia contains a huge inside embedded in a complex construction, all assembled from brick and howitzer. It contains two floors centered on a elephantine nave all located beneath a vaulted basilica ; with the full construction oriented on the northwest-southeast axis. The dome sits between two semi-domes at the Centre of the church, partly supported by a gallery of 40 arched Windowss. The weight of the dome is carried on four concave pendentives enabling its dealing onto equal arches, finally administering through four significant wharfs. To guarantee the burden can be suspended the wharfs were reinforced with buttresses. This design allows the aisles to be significantly taller than the galleries therefore its consequence from below is that of a weightless dome that seems inherit the symbolism of the sky and celestial spheres. The elegance and rudimental elements of Hagia Sophia inspired the architecture of Selimiye Mosque, nevertheless can non be to the full isolated to the footings of Byzantine architecture ; the construction held a much greater cultural embroidery. Much like Hagia Sophia the construction contains ; suspended arches, semi-domes, buttresses and a immense encompassing dome with an array of uninterrupted Windowss. However, in topographic point there is an octangular support created through eight pillars, the weight of the dome bears on these carried through the arches to the buttresses alternatively of straight to the walls, enabling the dome to be stabilised. The domes of Selimiye are more elevated, doing it to look much more dominant than Hagia Sophia of which has a much flatter contour, although the dome height itself is greater. The effects of the supporting elements are non seeable in the inside of Selimiye, this is composed to enrich characteristics of architectural mass and infinite. The construction is chiefly constructed of cut rock making a pure position through clean lines.